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The stuff that didn’t fit in anywhere else is documented here.
Controls whether a final newline is enforced when the file
is saved. The value is an association list that for each
language mode specifies the value to give to
require-final-newline (see
Saving Buffers in GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual) at mode initialization. If a language
isn’t present on the association list, CC Mode
won’t touch require-final-newline in
buffers for that language.
The default is to set require-final-newline
to t in the languages that mandate that source
files should end with newlines. These are C, C++ and
Objective-C.
If non-nil, the syntactic analysis for the
current line is shown in the echo area when it’s
indented (unless c-syntactic-indentation is
nil). That’s useful when finding out which
syntactic symbols to modify to get the indentation you
want.
If non-nil, certain syntactic errors are
reported with a ding and a message, for example when an
else is indented for which there is no
corresponding if.
Note however that CC Mode doesn’t make any special effort to check for syntactic errors; that’s the job of the compiler. The reason it can report cases like the one above is that it can’t find the correct anchoring position to indent the line in that case.